Континент
Контине́нт (Латин: continens — кинабго ккураб, гьоркьоса къотӀичӀеб) — чӀахӀиял ракьулмассивазул чангоялдаса бокьараб, жиндир цӀикӀкӀанисеб бутӀа лъеца бацичӀеб, рагӀалмухъ абуни ралъдал гьумералдаса гъоркьегӀан ругел.[1] ГӀемериселъ чӀван-къотӀарал критериязул гуреб, амма конвенциялъул аслуялда баян гьабулел анкьгоялде гӀунтӀун географияб регионал рикӀкӀуна континентал хӀисабалда. ГӀатӀилъиялъул рахъалъ бищун кӀудиялдаса бищун гьитӀиналде щвезегӀан тартибалда лъураб анкьабго регион ккола хадусеб: Азия, Африка, Шималияб Америка, Жанубияб Америка, Антарктида, Европа ва Австралия.[2] Континентазул дагьаб къадар бугел вариантазда гьезуд цо-цоял цолъизаризе бегьула, мисалалъе, цо-цо системабаз гъорлӀе рачуна Афро-Евразия, Америка яги Евразия батӀаго ругел континентал хӀисабалда. Зеландиялъеги, жиб цӀикӀкӀанисеб даражаялда лъекье ккараб континенталияб хъалалъул массивлъун кколеб, гьединго сипат-сурат гьабула континент гӀадин.
Океаниял чӀинкӀиллъаби гӀемериселъ группагъинарула мадугьалихъ ругел континенталгун, дунялалъул ракь географиял регионазде бикьиялъе гӀоло. Гьеб схемаялда рекъон, ГӀодоцараб Океаналда ругел гӀемерисел чӀинкӀиллъабазулал пачалихъал ва территориял группалъизурал Австралиялъул континентгун цо географияб регионалде, жинда Океания абулеб.
Геологиялда, континенталъе баян гьаби буго "Ракьалъул аслияб ракьулмассив, жинца гъорлӀе ракъдаллъиги континенталиял шелфалги".[3] Геологиял континентал дандеккола континенталияб хъаллъиялъул анлӀалго кӀудиял бутӀаязе, жал тектоникиял къаналъабазда ругел, амма гьоркьоса рахъулел кӀудиял-гурел континенталиял фрагментал, Мадагаскар гӀадал, жидеда гӀемериселъ микроконтинентал абулел. Лъалеб жо буго континенталияб хъаллъи цохӀо Ракьалда букӀин.[4]
Баян гьаби
хисизабизеКъадар
хисизабизеГьаниб буго континенал рикӀкӀунеб чанго къагӀида:
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Ралагье гьединго
хисизабизе- Ракьалъул континентазда гьоркьор гӀурхъаби
- Двипа
- КӀочараб континент
- Континентазул цӀаразул этимологиязул сияхӀ
- Континентазул ва континенталиял субрегионазул сияхӀ халкъалъул хъадаралда рекъон
- Суверениял пачалихъазул ва чияда рарал территориязул сияхӀ континентазда рекъон
- Трансконтиненталиял пачалихъазул сияхӀ
- Шагьаразул сияхӀал
- Материкияб Австралия
- Субрегион
МугъчӀваял
хисизабизе- ^ Под редакцией проф. А. П. Горкина. материк // География. Современная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. — М.: Росмэн . — 2006.
- ^ "Continents: What is a Continent?". National Geographic. 20 September 2011. Архивация оригинал (16 July 2019). Щвей 7 July 2022.
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(help) "Most people recognize seven continents—Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia, from largest to smallest—although sometimes Asia and Europe are considered a single continent, Eurasia." - ^ Neuendorf, K.K.E.; Mehl, Jr., J.P.; Jackson, J.A., редл. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ред.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. гь. 139. ISBN 978-0922152896.
- ^ Choi, Charles Q. (16 July 2015). "Did Ancient Mars Have Continents?". Space.com. Щвей 6 December 2020.
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(help) - ^ Цитатинабиялъул гъалатӀ: Мекъаб тег
<ref>
; мурад баян гьабун хъвалебMcColl
-лъе текст бихьизабун гьечІо - ^ [1] "4 Continents This would probably be the correct subdivision if we adopted a strict definition of continents, ideally defined as large landmasses separated by water. Furthermore, we should consider "separated" only what is naturally separated, excluding therefore the separations resulting from the artificially made Panama Canal (which separates North and South America) and Suez Canal (which separates Africa from Eurasia). Under this model, the four continents of the world are: Afro-Eurasia (or Eurafrasia), America, and Australia (not Oceania, which combines Australia with smaller countries in the Pacific Ocean which are separated by water), and Antarctica. An alternative four-continent model, introduced at the beginning of the 20th century, included Europe, Asia, Africa, and America."worldometers
- ^ [2] "If you count Europe and Asia as one continent (often known as Eurasia), then there are six continents. Some people also count North America and South America as one continent (called simply America), since the two land masses are separated only by the human-made Panama Canal. This would allow for a model with only five continents."wonderopolis
- ^ Strobel, Christoph (11 February 2015). The Global Atlantic: 1400 to 1900. Routledge. гьл. 13–. ISBN 978-1-317-52552-3.
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(help) - ^ Manual of Modern Geography: 2. William Blackwood. 1870. гьл. 18–.
- ^ Dunn, Ross E.; Mitchell, Laura J.; Ward, Kerry (23 August 2016). The New World History: A Field Guide for Teachers and Researchers. Univ of California Press. гьл. 232–. ISBN 978-0-520-28989-5.
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(help) - ^ Chatterjee, Sankar (13 March 2015). The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution. JHU Press. гьл. 204–. ISBN 978-1-4214-1614-4.
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(help) - ^ Mackay, Alexander (1861). Manual of Modern Geography: Mathematical, Physical, and Political : on a New Plan : Embracing a Complete Development of the River Systems of the Globe. W. Blackwood and Sons. гьл. 15–.
- ^ D. M. Kermack (9 March 2013). The Evolution of Mammalian Characters. Springer Science & Business Media. гьл. 141–. ISBN 978-1-4684-7817-4.
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(help) - ^ [3] "In some textbooks, North and South America are combined into "America" and/or Europe and Asia are combined into "Eurasia", for a grant total of 6 or even 5."scienceline
- ^ Martin W. Lewis and Kären E. Wigen, The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997)Wigen
- ^ [4] "5 Continents This model adopts the criteria of both the six-continent models, resulting in the following 5 continents: Africa, Eurasia, America, Oceania (or Australia), and Antarctica. An alternative five-continent model is the one adopted, among others, by the Olympic Charter, which excludes Antarctica as uninhabited and lists the following five: Africa, Europe, Asia, America, and Oceania (or Australia)."worldometers2
- ^ [5] "There are even geographical views that prefer the presence of both a Eurasian as well as one American continent. These geographers therefore contend that there should only be 5 continents."universetoday
- ^ a b "Continent". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- ^ "Continent Archived 2 фебруар 2007 at the Wayback Machine". The Columbia Encyclopedia Archived 5 фебруар 2002 at the Wayback Machine . 2001. New York: Columbia University Press - Bartleby.
- ^ Цитатинабиялъул гъалатӀ: Мекъаб тег
<ref>
; мурад баян гьабун хъвалебHEL
-лъе текст бихьизабун гьечІо - ^ World, National Geographic - Xpeditions Atlas. 2006. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.
- ^ The World - Continents Archived 21 фебруар 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Atlas of Canada
- ^ The New Oxford Dictionary of English. 2001. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ "Continent Archived 28 октобер 2009 at the Wayback Machine". MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006.. 31 October 2009.
- ^ "Continent". McArthur, Tom, ed. 1992. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. New York: Oxford University Press; p. 260.
Библиография
хисизабизе- Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären E. (1997). The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20743-1.