ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ
ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ, гьединго лъалеб КӀудияб рагъ абун ва цогидал цӀараздалъунги, — интернационалияб конфликт, жибги байбихьараб 1914 соналъул 28 юлалда ва лӀугӀараб 1918 соналъул 11 новембералда. Гьеб тӀибитӀана Европаялъул кӀудияб бутӀаялде, гьединго Россиялде, Цолъарал Штатазде ва Туркиялде, ва гьединго унеб букӀана ГӀагараб Машрикъалда, Африкаялда ва Азиялъул бутӀаялда. тарихалда бищун хвел цӀикӀкӀарал конфликтазул цояб, жиндир заманалда, кьурал къиматазда рекъон, рагъда 9 миллион чӀвараб, 5 миллионалдаса цӀикӀкӀун ватӀанчилъиял гӀадамал оккупация, бомбагъинаби, ракъи ва унтаби сабаблъун хвараб.[4] ГӀусманияз гьабураб геноцид ва рагъул заманалъ комбатантазул багъа-бачариялъ тӀибитӀизабураб 1918 соналъул Испан гриппалъул пандемия сабаблъун тӀолго дунялалда хвана чанго миллион чи.[5][6]
1914 соналъ КӀудиял къуватлъаби рикьун рукӀана цоцаде данде чӀараб кӀиго алянсалде: Лъабгоязул Антанта, жинда гъорлӀ КӀудияб Британия, Франсия ва Россия ругеб, ва Лъабгоязул Алянс, Германиялдасаги, Австриягин Гьунгариялдасаги, Италиялдасаги гӀуцӀараб. Балкъаназда букӀараб хӀалуцин ботӀроде бахана 1914 соналъул 28 юналда Босниялдаса сербав Гаврило Принципица Австриягин Гьунгариялъул варисав, эрцгерцог Франц Фердинанд чӀван хадуб. Австриягин Гьунгариялъ гӀайиб гӀунтӀизабуна Сербиялде, ва цоцада рухьарал алянсаз къуватлъаби цӀана дипломатиял дандрайиязул сериялде, жал юлалъул кризис абун лъалел. Австриягин Гьунгариялъ рагъ лъазабуна Сербиялда; Россия бахъана Сербия цӀунизе, в 4 августалде конфликт тӀибитӀана Германиялде, Парансалде ва КӀудияб Британиялде гьезул колониалиял империялгун цадахъ. Новембералда ГӀусманияб империялъги, Германиялъги Австриялъги гӀуцӀана Централиял къуватлъаби, 1915 соналъул априлалда абуни Италия (жиб Централиял къуватлъабазул цояб букӀараб) ана КӀудияб Британиялъулги, Франсиялъулги, Россиялъулги, Сербиялъулги рахъалде Алянсалъул къуватлъи хӀисабалда.
КӀиго фронталда рагъда цебе 1914 соналъ германиязул стратегия, Шлиффенил план абун жиндир цӀар араб,[7] букӀана цин Франсиялда тӀад бергьенлъи босизе, хадур жидерго къуватал бакъбаккуде рехизе ва Россия рагъулӀа бахъизе. Гьелъул жо ккечӀо Франсиялде цереин Марнаялда чӀезабиялъ; 1914 соналъул ахиралде кӀиябго рахъ цоцаде данде чӀун букӀана бакътӀерхьул фронталда — гьеб букӀана Ла-Маншалдаса Швейцариялде щвезегӀан халатбахъараб траншеязулаб мухъ, жиб 1917 соналде щвезегӀанги кӀудияб хисичӀеб. Гьелде дандеккун, бакъбаккул фронт букӀана хисардулеб: Австриягин Гьунгариялъ ва Россиялъ цин рахъулел рукӀана чӀахӀиял территориял, хадур гьел гьезухъа унел рукӀана. Цогидал кӀвар бугел театразда гъорлӀе унел рукӀана ГӀагараб Машрикъ, Алпазулаб фронт ва Балкъанал, рагъулӀе Булгарияги, Руманияги, Грецияги цӀан.
Алянсалъ рагъулабгин ралъдалаб блокада лъеялъ лӀугьараб дефицит сабаблъун, 1917 соналъул авалалда Германиялъ гӀорхъи гьечӀеб лъекьаб рагъ байбихьана, гьелъул хӀасилалда 1917 соналъул 6 априлалда церегӀан нейтралиял рукӀарал Цолъарал Штататал рагъулӀе лӀугьана. 1917-лъул Октобералъул революциялъул хӀасилалда Россиялда хӀакимлъм бахъана болшевиказ ва рекъел хъвана 1918 соналъул марталда Брест-Литовскалда хъвараб сепаратияб къотӀиялда рекъон, гьелдалъун германиязул аскаразул кӀудияб къадар эркенлъана бакъбаккул фронталдаса. Гьел бакътӀерхьул фронталде реххулаго, Германиялъул генералияб штабалъул хьул букӀана тӀубан бергьенлъи босизе, американ кумекалъ рагъалъел иналде асар гьабилалде, ва гьез байбихьана германиязул ихдалилаб гьужум 1918 соналъул марталда. Байбихьуда битӀ ккканиги, кватӀичӀого гьеб чӀчӀезабуна захӀматал камиязги ачуяб дандечӀеялъги; августалда алянсчагӀаз байбихьана нускъойил гьужум, германиязул аскар хӀалуцун данде чӀолеб букӀаниги, гьелда тӀокӀаб кӀвечӀо гьезул тӀаде рачӀин чӀезабизе.[8]
1918 соналъул ахиралда Централиял къуватлъабаз байбихьана рикьа-риххун ине; 29 септембералда Булгариялъ хъвана рекъел, 31 октобералъ — гӀусманияз, 3 новембералъ абуни — Австриягин Гьунгариялъ. Живго цо ххутӀарав, рокъоб революциягун ва аскар питнадиналда хӀинкъараб хӀалгун дандчӀварав Вилгьелм кайзерас инкар гьабуна тахидаса 9 новембералда, ва цӀияб герман хӀукуматалъ заманалъе рекъел хъвана 1919 соналъул 11 новембералда, рагъелазе ахирги лъун. 1919-лъул Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференциялъ къурал къуватлъабазда хъвазаруна батӀи-батӀиял къотӀи-къаял, жидер бищун цӀар араблъун Версалалъулаб къотӀи букӀараб. Россиялъул, Германиялъул, ГӀусманиязул ва Австриягин Гьунгариялъул империял риххиялъ лӀугьана гӀемерал революциял, гӀуцӀана чиядарачӀел пачалихъал, гьезда гъорлӀ Полша, Чехословакия ва Югославия. Жакъа къоялъги тӀасан бахӀс бугел гӀиллаби, рагъазда гьоркьоб периодалъ баккараб хисарди инабизе бажарунгутӀи сабаблъана КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ байбихьиялъе 1939 соналъ.
ЦӀаралХисизабизе
ЦебетарихХисизабизе
БагьанабиХисизабизе
Рагъул инХисизабизе
ХӀасилалХисизабизе
ТехнологияХисизабизе
Рагъулал такъсиралХисизабизе
Солдатияб хӀалбихьиХисизабизе
Рагъалъул рахъкквейХисизабизе
Рагъалде дандечӀейХисизабизе
Рагъулаб хъулухъалде ахӀиХисизабизе
Дагъистаниял Дунялалъул ТIоцебесеб рагъалдаХисизабизе
Дагъистаналъул чотIахъабазулин (яги ГIалхулаб дивизия) цIар лъураб кIиго полк машгьурлъана гьеб рагъда букIана. Амма гьенир хъулухъ гьабулел рукIун руго дагъистаниял гурелги, Кавказалъул цогидал халкъалги[9].
1852 соналдаго гIурус пачаясул генерал Аргутинский-Долгоруковас кьураб гIакълу букIун буго пачаясе гьеб – имам Шамилида дандечIезелъун хас гьабун дагъистанияздасан полк гIуцIизе. Гьедин гьелда гъорлъе рачун руго Шамилидаса рази гьечIел магIарулалги, бидулалги, имамасе хиянатлъарал чагIиги.
Гьедин гьеб полк дунялалъул тIоцебесеб рагъдаго гIадин, гIурусазулгун япониязул рагъдаги, гIурусазулгун турказул рагъдаги гIахьаллъун буго.
Гьенив гIахьаллъарал дагъистаниязул цоявлъун шагIир ХъахӀабросолъа МахӀмудги ккола[9].
ДипломатияХисизабизе
Ирс ва ракӀалде щвейХисизабизе
Ралагье гьедингоХисизабизе
- ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда хурхарал темабазул сияхӀ
- ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъул рагъалъул хӀакъалъулӀ хъвай
БаянкьелалХисизабизе
- ↑ ГӀурус Республика 1917 соналдаса. Болшевиказул хӀукуматалъ хъвана сепаратияб рекъел Централиял Къуватлъаигун гьебго соналъул новембералда яръидгӀуцӀун хӀакимлъи бахъун дагьабго заман иналде.
- ↑ Цолъарал Штатаз ратификация гьабичӀо цониги Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференциялда хъварал къотӀаби.
- ↑ Булгариял гъорлӀлъана Централиял къуватлъабазда 1915 соналъул 14 октобералда.
- ↑ ГӀусманияб империял раилъана Германиялъулгун балъгояб алянсалъе 1914 соналъул 2 августалда 1914. Гьеб рагъулӀе лӀугьна Централиял Къуватлъабазул рахъалда 1914 соналъул 29 октобералда.
- ↑ Цолъарал Штатаз Австриягин Гьунгариялда рагъ лъазабуна 7 декембералда 1917 соналъул.
- ↑ Австрия рикӀкӀанеб букӀана Австриягин Гьунгариялъул ирсилал пачалихъазул цояблъун.
- ↑ Цолъарал Штатаз Германиялъе рагъ лъазабуна 6 априлалда, 1917-лъул.
- ↑ Гьунгария рикӀкӀанеб букӀана Австриягин Гьунгариялъул ирсилал пачалихъазулцояблъун.
- ↑ Although the Treaty of Sèvres was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the Republic of Turkey, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne.
- ↑ Died in 1916 of pneumonia, succeeded by Charles (Karl) I of Austria
- ↑ Died in July 1918 and succeeded by Mehmed VI
- ↑ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies
- ↑ Figures are for Britain and her colonies; the dominions and India are listed separately
МугъчӀваялХисизабизе
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Халип:Harvnb
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Mougel, Nadège World War I casualties. Centre européen Robert Schuman.
- ↑ Nash, Jay Robert (1976). Darkest Hours. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-59077-526-4. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ↑ Gilbert 1994, p. xv.
- ↑ Spreeuwenberg 2018, pp. 2561–2567.
- ↑ Williams 2014, pp. 4–10.
- ↑ Zuber 2011, pp. 46–49.
- ↑ Sheffield 2002, p. 251.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Даку Зургъалов Дагъистаниял Дунялалъул ТIоцебесеб рагъалда (авар). Онлайн-журнал «Ориент». avariya.wixsite.com/orient (19.03.2022). Проверено 4 апрел 2022.
БиблиографияХисизабизе
Ингилис мацӀалда
ИццалХисизабизе
- Axelrod, Alan (2018). How America Won World War I. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4930-3192-4.
- Ayers, Leonard Porter (1919). [[[:Халип:Google books]] The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary] Check
|url=
value (help). Government Printing Office. - Bade, Klaus J.; Brown, Allison (tr.) (2003). Migration in European History. The making of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-18939-8. OCLC 52695573. (translated from the German)
- Baker, Kevin (June 2006). "Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth". Harper's Magazine.
- Ball, Alan M. (1996). And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20694-6., reviewed in Hegarty, Thomas J. (March–June 1998). «And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930». Canadian Slavonic Papers. (via Highbeam.com)
- Barrett, Michael B (2013). Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253008657.
- Barry, J.M. (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-89473-4.
- Bass, Gary Jonathan (2002). Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-691-09278-2. OCLC 248021790.
- Beckett, Ian (2007). The Great War. Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-1252-8.
- Blair, Dale (2005). No Quarter: Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience, 1915–1918. Charnwood, Australia: Ginninderra Press. ISBN 978-1-74027-291-9. OCLC 62514621.
- Brands, Henry William (1997). T.R.: The Last Romantic. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06958-3. OCLC 36954615.
- Braybon, Gail (2004). [[[:Халип:Google books]] Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18] Check
|url=
value (help). Berghahn Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-57181-801-0. - Brown, Judith M. (1994). Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873113-9.
- Brown, Malcolm (1998). 1918: Year of Victory (1999 ed.). Pan. ISBN 978-0-330-37672-3.
- Butcher, Tim (2014). The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War (2015 ed.). Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-958133-8.
- Chickering, Rodger (2004). Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83908-2. OCLC 55523473.
- Christie, Norm M (1997). The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August–September 1918. CEF Books. ISBN 978-1-896979-18-2.
- Clayton, Anthony (2003). Paths of Glory; the French Army 1914–1918. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35949-3.
- Clark, Charles Upson (1927). Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea. New York: Dodd, Mead. OCLC 150789848. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
- Clark, Christopher (2013). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-219922-5.
- Cockfield, Jamie H. (1997). With snow on their boots: The tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-22082-2.
- Coffman, Edward M. (1969). The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (1998 ed.). OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-631724-3.
- Conlon, Joseph M. The historical impact of epidemic typhus (PDF). Montana State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
- Coogan, Tim (2009). Ireland in the 20th Century. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-941522-0.
- Cook, Tim (2006). «The politics of surrender: Canadian soldiers and the killing of prisoners in the First World War». The Journal of Military History 70 (3): 637–665. doi:10.1353/jmh.2006.0158.
- Cooper, John Milton (2009). Woodrow Wilson: A Biography. Alfred Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26541-8.
- Crisp, Olga (1976). Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-16907-0.
- Cross, Wilbur L. (1991). Zeppelins of World War I. New York: Paragon Press. ISBN 978-1-55778-382-0. OCLC 22860189.
- Crowe, David (2001). [[[:Халип:Google books]] The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis] Check
|url=
value (help). Research and Education Association. ISBN 978-0-87891-710-5. - DiNardo, Richard (2015). Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. ISBN 978-1-4408-0092-4.
- Djokić, Dejan (2003). Yugoslavism: histories of a failed idea, 1918–1992. London: Hurst. OCLC 51093251.
- Donko, Wilhelm (2012). A Brief History of the Austrian Navy. epubli GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8442-2129-9.
- Doughty, Robert A. (2005). [[[:Халип:Google books]] Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War] Check
|url=
value (help). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01880-8. - Dumitru, Laurentiu-Cristian (2012). «Preliminaries of Romania's entering the World War I». Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University, Bucharest 1.
- Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. (1993). The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History (4th ed.). Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-270056-8.
- Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Contributions in Military Studies. 201. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31516-9. OCLC 43481698.
- Evans, Leslie (2005). Future of Iraq, Israel-Palestine Conflict, and Central Asia Weighed at International Conference. UCLA International Institute. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- Falls, Cyril Bentham (1960). The First World War. London: Longmans. ISBN 978-1-84342-272-3. OCLC 460327352.
- Falls, Cyril Bentham (1961). The Great War. New York: Capricorn Books. OCLC 1088102671.
- Farwell, Byron (1989). The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30564-7.
- Fay, Sidney B (1930). The Origins of the World War; Volume I (2nd ed.).
- Ferguson, Niall (1999). The Pity of War. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-05711-5. OCLC 41124439.
- Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-100-4.
- Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). The last courts of Europe. JM Dent & Sons. ISBN 978-0-460-04519-3.
- Fromkin, David (1989). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-0857-9.
- Fromkin, David (2004). Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41156-4. OCLC 53937943.
- Gelvin, James L. (2005). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85289-0. OCLC 59879560.
- Grant, R.G. (2005). Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat. DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-5578-5.
- Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990). Chronicle of the First World War. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-2595-4. OCLC 19398100.
- Gilbert, Martin (1994). First World War. Stoddart Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7737-2848-6.
- Gilbert, Martin (2004). The First World War: A Complete History. Clearwater, Florida: Owl Books. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-8050-7617-2. OCLC 34792651.
- Goodspeed, Donald James (1985). The German Wars 1914–1945. New York: Random House; Bonanza. ISBN 978-0-517-46790-9.
- Gray, Randal (1991). Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-85532-157-1.
- Green, John Frederick Norman (1938). «Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson». Geological Society Quarterly Journal 94.
- Grotelueschen, Mark Ethan (2006). The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86434-3.
- Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85728-498-0. OCLC 60281302.
- Hardach, Gerd (1977). The First World War, 1914–1918. Allne Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-1024-7.
- Harris, J.P. (2008). Douglas Haig and the First World War (2009 ed.). Cambridge: CUP. ISBN 978-0-521-89802-7.
- Hartcup, Guy (1988). The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914–18. Brassey's Defence Publishers. ISBN 978-0-08-033591-9.
- Havighurst, Alfred F. (1985). Britain in transition: the twentieth century (4th ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31971-1.
- Heller, Charles E. (1984). Chemical warfare in World War I : the American experience, 1917–1918. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. OCLC 123244486. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007.
- Herwig, Holger (1988). «The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered». The International History Review 10 (1): 68–105. doi:10.1080/07075332.1988.9640469.
- Heyman, Neil M. (1997). World War I. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29880-6. OCLC 36292837.
- Hickey, Michael (2003). The Mediterranean Front 1914–1923. The First World War. 4. New York: Routledge. pp. 60–65. ISBN 978-0-415-96844-7. OCLC 52375688.
- Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984), "The Campaign in Armenia", in Young, Peter, Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol. ii, New York: Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 978-0-86307-181-2
- Holmes, T.M. (April 2014). «Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914». War in History XXI (2): 194, 211. ISSN 1477-0385.
- Hooker, Richard (1996). The Ottomans. Washington State University. Archived from the original on 8 October 1999.
- Horne, Alistair (1964). The Price of Glory (1993 ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-017041-2.
- Horne, John; Kramer, Alan (2001). German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial. Yale University Press. OCLC 47181922.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-00574-7.
- Howard, N.P. (1993). «The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19». German History 11 (2): 161–188. doi:10.1093/gh/11.2.161.
- Hull, Isabel Virginia (2006). Absolute destruction: military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7293-0.
- Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007). ""Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras". In Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.). Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-508-6.
- Inglis, David (1995). Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years (PDF). Burnaby: Simon Fraser University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- Jackson, Julian (2018). A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1-84614-351-9.
- Isaac, Jad; Hosh, Leonardo (7–9 May 1992). Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East. University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006.
- Johnson, James Edgar (2001). Full Circle: The Story of Air Fighting. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35860-1. OCLC 45991828.
- Jones, Howard (2001). Crucible of Power: A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897. Scholarly Resources Books. ISBN 978-0-8420-2918-6. OCLC 46640675.
- Kaplan, Robert D. (February 1993). "Syria: Identity Crisis". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- Karp, Walter (1979). The Politics of War (1st ed.). ISBN 978-0-06-012265-2. OCLC 4593327.
- Keegan, John (1998). The First World War. Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-180178-6.
- Keenan, George (1986). The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia and the Coming of the First World War. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1707-0.
- Keene, Jennifer D (2006). World War I. Daily Life Through History Series. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-313-33181-7. OCLC 70883191.
- Kernek, Sterling (December 1970). «The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's 'Peace' Note of December 1916». The Historical Journal 13 (4): 721–766. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00009481.
- Kitchen, Martin (2000) [1980]. Europe Between the Wars. New York: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-41869-1. OCLC 247285240.
- Knobler, S. L.; Mack, A.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S. M., eds. (2005). The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary. Contributors: Institute of Medicine; Board on Global Health; Forum on Microbial Threats. Washington DC: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/11150. ISBN 978-0-309-09504-4. OCLC 57422232. PMID 20669448.
- Kurlander, Eric (2006). Steffen Bruendel. Volksgemeinschaft oder Volksstaat: Die "Ideen von 1914" und die Neuordnung Deutschlands im Ersten Weltkrieg. H-net. Archived from the original (Book review) on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
- Lehmann, Hartmut; van der Veer, Peter, eds. (1999). Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01232-2. OCLC 39727826.
- Lieven, Dominic (2016). Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-139974-4.
- Love, Dave (May 1996). «The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915». Sabretache 26 (4).
- Ludendorff, Erich (1919). My War Memories, 1914–1918. OCLC 60104290. also published by Harper as "Ludendorff's Own Story, August 1914 – November 1918: The Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army" Халип:OCLC (original title Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914–1918)
- MacMillan, Margaret (2013). The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914. Profile Books. ISBN 978-0-8129-9470-4.
- MacMillan, Margaret (2001). Peacemakers; Six Months that Changed The World: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War (2019 ed.). John Murray. ISBN 978-1-5293-2526-3.
- Magliveras, Konstantinos D. (1999). Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-411-1239-2.
- Marks, Sally (1978). «The Myths of Reparations». Central European History 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707.
- Marks, Sally (September 2013). «Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles Treaty, 1918–1921». The Journal of Modern History 85 (3): 650–651. doi:10.1086/670825.
- Martel, Gordon (2003). The Origins of the First World War (2016 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-92865-7.
- Martel, Gordon (2014). The Month that Changed the World: July 1914. OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-966538-9.
- Marshall, S. L. A.; Josephy, Alvin M. (1982). The American heritage history of World War I. American Heritage Pub. Co. : Bonanza Books : Distributed by Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-38555-5. OCLC 1028047398.
- Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-68177-009-3.
- McLellan, Edwin N. The United States Marine Corps in the World War. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
- McMeekin, Sean (2014). July 1914: Countdown to War. Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-84831-657-7.
- McMeekin, Sean (2015). The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923 (2016 ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-0-7181-9971-5.
- (1945) «Bismarck and the Three Emperors' Alliance, 1881–87». Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 27: 61–83. doi:10.2307/3678575.
- Meyer, Gerald J (2006). A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918. Random House. ISBN 978-0-553-80354-9.
- Millett, Allan Reed; Murray, Williamson (1988). Military Effectiveness. Boston: Allen Unwin. ISBN 978-0-04-445053-5. OCLC 220072268.
- Mitrasca, Marcel (2007). Moldova: A Romanian Province Under Russian Rule : Diplomatic History from the Archives of the Great Powers. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0875861845.
- (1980) «Arms Race and Military Expenditure Models: A Review». The Journal of Conflict Resolution 24 (1): 153–185. doi:10.1177/002200278002400107.
- Morton, Desmond (1992). Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914–1919. Toronto: Lester Publishing. ISBN 978-1-895555-17-2. OCLC 29565680.
- Mosier, John (2001). "Germany and the Development of Combined Arms Tactics". Myth of the Great War: How the Germans Won the Battles and How the Americans Saved the Allies. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-019676-9.
- Muller, Jerry Z. (March–April 2008). "Us and Them – The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism". Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- Neiberg, Michael S. (2005). Fighting the Great War: A Global History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01696-5. OCLC 56592292.
- Nicholson, Gerald W.L. (1962). Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War (1st ed.). Ottawa: Queens Printer and Controller of Stationery. OCLC 2317262. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007.
- Noakes, Lucy (2006). Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907–1948. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39056-9.
- Northedge, F.S. (1986). The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946. New York: Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0-7185-1316-0.
- Painter, David S. (2012). «Oil and the American Century». The Journal of American History 99 (1): 24–39. doi:10.1093/jahist/jas073.
- (1919) «Treatment of Prisoners of War». Transactions of the Grotius Society 5: 47–64.
- Pitt, Barrie (2003). 1918: The Last Act. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-0-85052-974-6. OCLC 56468232.
- Porras-Gallo, M. & Davis, R.A., eds. (2014), "The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: Perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas", Rochester Studies in Medical History, vol. 30, University of Rochester Press, ISBN 978-1-58046-496-3, <https://books.google.com/books?id=-j53BQAAQBAJ&q=spanish+flu+davis&pg=PA51>. Проверено 9 ноябр 2020.
- Price, Alfred (1980). Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980. London: Jane's Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7106-0008-0. OCLC 10324173. Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping hydrophones
- Raudzens, George (October 1990). «War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History». The Journal of Military History 54 (4): 403–434. doi:10.2307/1986064.
- Rickard, J. (5 March 2001). «Халип:Sic, 1865–1937, German General». Military History Encyclopedia on the Web.
- Rickard, J. The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March–18 July 1918 (27 August 2007).
- Roden, Mike. "The Lost Generation – myth and reality". Aftermath – when the Boys Came Home. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
- Saadi, Abdul-Ilah. Dreaming of Greater Syria, Al Jazeera (12 February 2009).
- Sachar, Howard Morley (1970). The emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-0158-0. OCLC 153103197.
- Salibi, Kamal Suleiman (1993). "How it all began – A concise history of Lebanon". A House of Many Mansions – the history of Lebanon reconsidered. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-091-9. OCLC 224705916. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- Schindler, J. (2003). «Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916». War in History 10 (1): 27–59. doi:10.1191/0968344503wh260oa.
- Schindler, John R. (2002). «Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914». War in History 9 (2): 159–195. doi:10.1191/0968344502wh250oa.
- Schreiber, Shane B (1977). Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War (2004 ed.). Vanwell. ISBN 978-1-55125-096-0.
- Shanafelt, Gary W. (1985). The secret enemy: Austria-Hungary and the German alliance, 1914–1918. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-080-0.
- Shapiro, Fred R.; Epstein, Joseph (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10798-2.
- Sheffield, Gary (2002). Forgotten Victory. Review. ISBN 978-0-7472-7157-4.
- Smith, David James (2010). [[[:Халип:Google books]] One Morning in Sarajevo] Check
|url=
value (help). Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0-297-85608-5.He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest—this photograph shows the arrest of Behr.
- Souter, Gavin (2000). Lion & Kangaroo: the initiation of Australia. Melbourne: Text Publishing. OCLC 222801639.
- Smele, Jonathan War and Revolution in Russia 1914–1921. BBC.
- Speed, Richard B, III (1990). Prisoners, Diplomats and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26729-1. OCLC 20694547.
- (2018) «Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic.». American Journal of Epidemiology 187 (12): 2561–2567. doi:10.1093/aje/kwy191. PMID 30202996.
- Stevenson, David (1988). The First World War and International Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-873049-7.
- Stevenson, David (1996). Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820208-0. OCLC 33079190.
- Stevenson, David (2004). Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy. New York: Basic Books. pp. 560pp. ISBN 978-0-465-08184-4. OCLC 54001282.
- Stevenson, David (2012). 1914–1918: The History of the First World War. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-7181-9795-7.
- Stevenson, David (2016). Mahnken, Thomas (ed.). Land armaments in Europe, 1866–1914 in Arms Races in International Politics: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873526-7.
- Stone, David (2014). The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One. Conway. ISBN 978-1-84486-292-4.
- Strachan, Hew (2003). The First World War: Volume I: To Arms. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03295-2. OCLC 53075929.
- Taliaferro, William Hay (1972) [1944]. Medicine and the War. ISBN 978-0-8369-2629-3.
- Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1998). The First World War and its aftermath, 1914–1919. Century of Conflict, 1848–1948. London: Folio Society. OCLC 49988231.
- Taylor, John M. (Summer 2007). «Audacious Cruise of the Emden». The Quarterly Journal of Military History 19 (4): 38–47. ISSN 0899-3718.
- Terraine, John (1963). Ordeal of Victory. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. pp. 508pp. ISBN 978-0-09-068120-4. OCLC 1345833.
- Todman, Dan (2005). [[[:Халип:Google books]] The Great War: Myth and Memory] Check
|url=
value (help). A & C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-6728-7. - Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7924-1. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
- Tschanz, David W. Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I. Montana State University. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
- Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1966). The Zimmermann Telegram (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-620320-3. OCLC 233392415.
- Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). Encyclopedia of World War I. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-85109-420-2. OCLC 61247250.
- Tucker, Spencer C.; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (1999). The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-3351-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
- Turner, L.F.C. (1968). «The Russian Mobilization in 1914». Journal of Contemporary History 3 (1): 65–88. doi:10.1177/002200946800300104.
- Velikonja, Mitja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Texas A&M University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-58544-226-3.
- von der Porten, Edward P. (1969). German Navy in World War II. New York: T.Y. Crowell. ISBN 978-0-213-17961-8. OCLC 164543865.
- Westwell, Ian (2004). World War I Day by Day. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. pp. 192pp. ISBN 978-0-7603-1937-6. OCLC 57533366.
- Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1938). Brest-Litovsk:The forgotten peace. Macmillan.
- Халип:Cite thesis
- Willmott, H.P. (2003). World War I. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7894-9627-0. OCLC 52541937.
- Winter, Denis (1983). The First of the Few: Fighter Pilots of the First World War. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-005256-5.
- Winter, Jay, ed. (2014). The Cambridge History of the First World War (2016 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-60066-5.
- Wohl, Robert (1979). The Generation of 1914 (3rd ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-34466-2.
- Zeldin, Theodore (1977). France, 1848–1945: Volume II: Intellect, Taste, and Anxiety (1986 ed.). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822125-8.
- Zieger, Robert H. (2001). America's Great War: World War I and the American experience. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9645-1.
- Zuber, Terence (2011). Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning 1871–1914 (2014 ed.). OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-871805-5.
Primary sourcesХисизабизе
- Collins, Ross F., ed. (2008). World War I: Primary Documents on Events from 1914 to 1919. Greenwood Press. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
- Hammond's Frontier Atlas of the World War. C. S. Hammond & Company. 1916. Containing Large Scale Maps of All the Battle Fronts of Europe and Asia, Together With a Military Map of the United States.
Тариххъвай ва ракӀалде щвеялХисизабизе
- Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present (2020) online free Archived 29 ноябр 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- (2014) «The Great War and the Forgotten Realm: The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War». Journal of Modern History 86 (2): 336–380. doi:10.1086/675880.
- (2014) «The Historiographic Impact of the Great War». Diplomatic History 38 (4): 751–762. doi:10.1093/dh/dhu035.
- (2013) «As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography». Historical Journal 56 (3): 857–878. doi:10.1017/s0018246x13000216.
- (2014) «Goodbye to all that?: Memory and meaning in the commemoration of the first world war». Juncture 20 (4): 287–291. doi:10.1111/j.2050-5876.2014.00767.x.
- Kitchen, James E.; Miller, Alisa; Rowe, Laura, eds. (2011). Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War. Excerpt Archived 2 май 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- (2014) «Recent Historiography of the First World War – Part I». Journal of Modern European History 12 (1): 5–27. doi:10.17104/1611-8944_2014_1_5.
- (2014) «Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part II)». Journal of Modern European History 12 (2): 155–174. doi:10.17104/1611-8944_2014_2_155.
- (2014) «The Trial Continues: New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War». English Historical Review 129 (538): 639–666. doi:10.1093/ehr/ceu139.
- Reynolds, David (2014). The Long Shadow: The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century. Excerpt and text search Archived 3 май 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- (2013) «Russian Historiography on the Origins of the First World War Since the Fischer Controversy». Journal of Contemporary History 48 (2): 350–362. doi:10.1177/0022009412472716.
- (2014) «Representing Australia's Involvement in the First World War: Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936». Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 6 (1): 1–23. doi:10.3167/jemms.2014.060101.
- Trout, Stephen (2013). On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919–1941.
- (2014) «"Turkish Historiography of the First World War". Middle East». Critique 23 (2): 241–257. doi:10.1080/19436149.2014.905079.
- Winter, Jay; Prost, Antoine (2005). The Great War in History Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. excerpt Archived 4 август 2021 at the Wayback Machine
ТӀадеги цӀалиялъеХисизабизе
- American Battle Monuments Commission (1938). American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide, and Reference Book. US Government Printing Office. OCLC 59803706.
- Balakian, Peter (2003). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019840-4. OCLC 56822108.
- Bond, Brian (1968). "The First World War". In C.L. Mowat (ed.). The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898–1945 (2nd ed.). pp. 171–208 – via archive.org.
- Duffy, Michael (2006). Somme. First World War.com. ISBN 978-0-297-84689-5. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
- (12th ed.). 1922. Comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony.
- Fortescue, Granville Roland. London in Gloom over Gallipoli; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead-Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost, The New York Times (28 October 1915).
- Hirschfeld, Gerhard; et al., eds. (2012). Brill's Encyclopedia of the First World War.
- Jenkins, Burris A. (2009). Facing the Hindenburg Line. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-110-81238-7.
- Goldrick, James (1995). "10. The Battleship Fleet: The Test of War, 1895–1919". In Hill, J. R. (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 299–318. ISBN 978-0-19-211675-8.
- (2014) «Intelligence in the First World War: The state of the field». Intelligence and National Security 29 (2): 282–302. doi:10.1080/02684527.2012.727070.
- Lyons, Michael J. (1999). World War I: A Short History (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-020551-3.
- Meltzer, Allan H. (2003). A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 1: 1913–1951. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 65–90. ISBN 978-0-226-52000-1.
- Moon, John Ellis van Courtland (July 1996). «United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy?». The Journal of Military History 60 (3): 495–511. doi:10.2307/2944522.
- Page, Thomas Nelson Chapter XI: Italy's Attitude in the Beginning of the War. Italy and the World War. Brigham Young University. cites "Cf. articles signed XXX in La Revue de Deux Mondes, 1 and 15 March 1920"
- Prior, Robin (1999). The First World War. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35256-2.
- Repington, Charles à Court (1920). The First World War, 1914–1918. 2. London: Constable. ISBN 978-1-113-19764-1 – via archive.org.
- Халип:Cite thesis
- Symonds, Craig L. (2016). The U.S. Navy: A Concise History. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-19-939494-4.
- Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1963). The First World War: An Illustrated History. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-399-50260-6. OCLC 2054370.
- Wilgus, William John (1931). Transporting the A.E.F. in Western Europe, 1917–1919. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 1161730.
- Winegard, Timothy. «Here at Vimy: A Retrospective – The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge». Canadian Military Journal 8 (2).
КъватӀисел регӀелалХисизабизе
Халип:Spoken Wikipedia Халип:Sister project links
- Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections
- The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic color photos, pictures and music
- A multimedia history of World War I
- European Newspapers from the start of the First World War and the end of the war
- WWI Films on the European Film Gateway
- The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive
- World War I British press photograph collection – A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections
- Personal accounts of American World War I veterans, Veterans History Project, Library of Congress.
Анимациониял картабиХисизабизе
- "Europe plunges into war" Archived 4 июн 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Europe at the end of the war Archived 4 июн 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Библиотекабазул гидалХисизабизе
- ЦӀияб Зеландиялъул Националияб Библиотека (инг.)
- ЦӀияб Жанубияб Велсалъул Пачалихъияб Библиотека (инг.)
- ЦШ-ялъул Конгресалъул Библиотека (инг.)
- Индианаялъул Университеталъул Блумингтон (инг.) Archived 5 июн 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- Ню Йоркалъул Университет (инг.)
- Албертаялъул Университет (инг.)
- California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.
Халип:Balkan Wars Халип:World War I Халип:WWI history by nation